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Indoterra Metallurgy Solutions – Literature Study Chromium in nickel laterite ores occurs in different mineralogical forms, which determine its reactivity and associated environmental risks. Limonitic ores contain amorphous Fe-Cr oxides and ferrit-chromite submicron particles, which are highly reactive in acid and represent the main sources of Cr(VI) mobilization. In contrast, saprolitic ores are dominated by crystalline chromite, a refractory phase with very low solubility u

Ion exchange (IX) demonstrates strong potential as an alternative method for nickel recovery from iron-free pregnant leach solution (PLS) in nickel hydrometallurgy process. Offering high selectivity, operational simplicity, and lower energy consumption, IX provides significant advantages over conventional multi-stage alkaline precipitation. Indoterra Metallurgy Solutions has piloted the technology in both fresh water and saline water media, successfully concentrating dissolv

The heap leaching of low-grade nickel laterite generates large volumes of spent ore, which can pose environmental risks through residual acidity and metal leaching. Indoterra Metallurgy Solutions has evaluated sustainable management strategies, focusing on limestone neutralization and the reuse of treated spent ore for land reclamation and revegetation. Characterization confirmed residual acidity and base metal contaminants in untreated spent ore. Limestone treatment effectiv

Crude Nickel Sulfate (CNS) , developed by Indoterra Metallurgy Solutions , is a flexible and efficient nickel intermediate designed to meet the evolving needs of the EV and stainless steel industries. Produced through an ion-exchange process that delivers high-purity nickel eluate with minimal impurities, CNS offers a clear advantage over traditional intermediates such as MHP and MSP. Its direct convertibility into battery-grade nickel sulfate (BGNS)  or nickel cathode enabl

Indonesia, home to the world’s largest nickel laterite reserves, is central to global stainless steel and EV battery supply chains. While production has traditionally relied on energy- and capital-intensive pyrometallurgical methods (RKEF, BF) and more recently HPAL, these approaches remain environmentally burdensome and underutilize significant ore resources - contributing to Indonesia’s reputation as a “dirty nickel” producer. Indoterra Metallurgy Solutions   presents heap

Nickel saprolite ore typically contains 8–15% magnesium (Mg), making it the second or third most abundant element after silica (SiO₂) and iron (Fe). In nickel hydrometallurgy, more than 90% of Mg is dissolved under acid leaching conditions. Stoichiometrically, 1 g Mg consumes ~4 g H₂SO₄. For example, processing 1 Mt of saprolite ore with 10% Mg requires about 400,000 t H₂SO₄, dissolving roughly 90,000 t Mg into solution. Heap leaching of low-grade saprolite produces a pregnan